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Florida’s plan to drop school vaccine mandates likely won’t take effect for 90 days and would include only chickenpox and a few other illnesses unless lawmakers decide to extend it to other diseases, like polio and measles, the health department said Sunday.The department responded to a request for details, four days after Florida’s surgeon general, Dr. Joseph Ladapo, said the state would become the first to make vaccinations voluntary and let families decide whether to inoculate their children.It’s a retreat from decades of public policy and research that has shown vaccines to be safe and the most effective way to stop the spread of communicable diseases, especially among children. Despite that evidence, U.S. Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has expressed deep skepticism about vaccines. Florida’s plan would lift mandates on school vaccines for hepatitis B, chickenpox, Hib influenza and pneumococcal diseases, such as meningitis, the health department said.“The Department initiated the rule change on September 3, 2025, and anticipates the rule change will not be effective for approximately 90 days,” the state told the Associated Press in an email. The public school year in Florida started in August.All other vaccinations required under Florida law to attend school “remain in place, unless updated through legislation,” including vaccines for measles, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, mumps, and tetanus, the department said.Lawmakers don’t meet again until January 2026, although committee meetings begin in October.Ladapo, appearing Sunday on CNN, repeated his message of free choice for childhood vaccines.“If you want them, God bless, you can have as many as you want,” he said. “And if you don’t want them, parents should have the ability and the power to decide what goes into their children’s bodies. It’s that simple.”Florida currently has a religious exemption for vaccine requirements. Vaccines have saved at least 154 million lives globally over the past 50 years, the World Health Organization reported in 2024. The majority of those were infants and children.Dr. Rana Alissa, chair of the Florida Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics, said making vaccines voluntary puts students and school staff at risk.This is the worst year for measles in the U.S. in more than three decades, with more than 1,400 cases confirmed nationwide, most of them in Texas, and three deaths.Whooping cough has killed at least two babies in Louisiana and a 5-year-old in Washington state since winter, as it too spreads rapidly. There have been more than 19,000 cases as of August 23, nearly 2,000 more than this time last year, according to preliminary CDC data. Ed White, Associated Press
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Corals live in oceans around the worldin shallow, warm waters and deep, cool waters, clinging to seamounts or sitting on continental shelves. They also grow in the home aquariums of countless hobbyistsand if youre someone who cultivates corals in your spare time, you can contribute to research to help save the oceans coral reefs. Rising ocean temperatures and increasing acidification are threatening coral reefs. Between 2009 and 2018, the worlds reefs lost 14% of their corals. By 2025, 84% of the oceans reefs have been affected by bleaching, meaning theyve been so stressed by the changes to their environments that theyve expelled all the algae living inside them, turning them white. As climate change worsens, coral loss is expected to speed up. Corals are also threatened by activities like fishing and tourism. Corals are crucial to ocean ecosystems; theyre home to all sorts of marine life, provide coastal protection from storms, and are even the basis of millions of peoples livelihoods. Scientists have long been working to save coral reefs, trying to figure out how to help them survive higher temperatures and to bring back their healthy microbiome. (All the bacteria that live in corals can affect how the organisms respond to heat or other environmental changes.) Home aquarists can now be a part of this effort too, through a community science effort called Project ReefLink. A partnership between Seed Health, a microbial sciences company, and the Two Frontiers Project (2FP), a nonprofit that focuses on microbial research, Project ReefLink aims to identify what sorts of organisms protect corals, and what pathogens may harm them. From home aquarium to the oceans’ coral reefs Corals growing in a home aquarium, or even big aquariums like Monterey Bay, are in a closed ecosystem. That essentially makes them part of a giant, human-driven experiment thats already been going on for years, says Braden Tierney, a microbial scientist and executive director of 2FP All these aquarists are trying slightly different conditions. They’re putting different things in the water. They are experiencing different disease outbreaks. Some corals are dying. Some corals are living, he says. They have all these different species all over the place, and so we’re really asking to plug into that network. To get involved, an aquarist can visit the Project Reeflink website, where they can sign up to get a sampling kit. Then, they need to take pictures of their set up, documenting what species of corals they have, and send samples of some of their corals over to 2FP researchers. From there, researchers will process the samples for DNA sequencing, and then look at the corals genome, as well as all the bacteria and viruses that live inside it. And dont worry if your corals arent the healthiestthe scientists want a sample of any diseased corals too. Theres still so much to be learned about what actually causes coral disease, and this is an opportunity to get these samples back and say, here’s what’s causing the disease based on DNA sequencing, and ‘here’s what the healthy version of this species looks like, Tierney says. Samples sent to 2FP will go into the nonprofits microbial culture bank, an open-source database that could eventually be used to find ways to help corals withstand bleaching or other climate threats. We’re going to be able to explore how the microbiome plays a role in sustaining your coral’s health and also how it can be used to treat coral disease, Tierney said. And as we get more data, we can also say, oh, look, these species seem to really like these conditions that these aquarists are using in their tanks, whereas these other species don’t. And that can translate directly to understanding what causes disease in corals in the oceans,” he said. [Image: Coral Morphologic] The importance of microbiomes Seed Health sells pro- and prebiotics for human microbiomes, and has conducted community science efforts for that focus before. Its #GiveAShitForScience project involved people sending pictures of their poop to help understand gut health. But the company also has an environmental research division called SeedLabs that looks at microbes in all sorts of ecosystems, with the aim to address the challenges of climate change. The more you understand about microbiomes and systems biology, the more you start to understand the interconnectivity of all life on Earth, says Ara Katz, CEO and cofounder of Seed Health. Microbiomesthe trillions of microorganisms that live in our bodies or on plants or even in environments themselvesare crucial to the health of their hosts. Seed Health has studied if probiotics could help honey bees, how bacteria could turn plastic into new material, and the ways microbes can enhance carbon sequestration. Seed Health previously partnered with 2FP on its CO2 research, for which they studied microbes in extreme conditions. That work also identified some microbes that could help corals become resilient to ocean acidification, particularly in especially hot or acidic waters where some corals do thrive. Project ReefLink takes this work further by tapping into community scientists. That doesnt only provide 2FP with diverse samples, it also helps connect people to science in general. Science has really been mischaracterized in recent years, and I think that there is probably the least engagement there’s almost ever been, Katz says. A community science project, though, spurs public engagement. For an issue like coral bleaching or climate change in general, the issue can feel so overwhelming, or too complex to tackle. This project changes that, Tierney says. If you have an aquarium . . . you can actually do something. You can take a few minutes to help, he says. It gives people a chance to fight.
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Hello and welcome to Modern CEO! I’m Stephanie Mehta, CEO and chief content officer of Mansueto Ventures. Each week this newsletter explores inclusive approaches to leadership drawn from conversations with executives and entrepreneurs, and from the pages of Inc. and Fast Company. If you received this newsletter from a friend, you can sign up to get it yourself every Monday morning. In recent weeks, Ive been recommending and forwarding to friends and associates three smart stories that crossed my desk. Each ostensibly offers insightful or timely snapshots of modern American business. But upon deeper reflection, these very different pieces also shine a light on the state of middle-class U.S. workers and consumers, whose struggles may only intensify. Together, these storiesalong with a number of economic indicators like stubborn inflation and slipping consumer sentimentoffer CEOs and business leaders a warning about the risks of capitalism that works for the few and not the many. Mind the gap Daniel Currells guest essay in The New York Times shows how Walt Disney World Resort has evolved from an accessible all-American vacation to a luxury experience targeting high-net-worth households. Wealthy visitors can pay for premium passes that let them bypass lines; one tech executive quoted in the article experienced 16 attractions in seven hours. Meanwhile, Scarlett Cressel, a bus driver who could not afford to pay for special ride reservations and other perks, managed nine attractions over 14 hours. Adding to her frustration, a mobility scooter she rented to help her navigate the park broke down. Its a powerful metaphor for the middle class quite literally being left behind. Disney is hardly alone in pursuing rich customers. Currell, a management consultant, says hes worked with dozens of companies that are abandoning the mass market. Many of our biggest private institutions are now focused on selling the privileged a markedly better experience, leaving everyone else to either give upor fight to keep up, he writes. Roger Lowensteins Wall Street Journal essay, Howand WhyU.S. Capitalism Is Unlike Any Other, helps us understand how we got here. The work is a sweeping review of the forces that shaped an economic system (bolstered by legislation that protects the sanctity of contracts and created public schools to educate workers) that focused on opportunity, individualism, and risk-taking. Those values led to the innovation and entrepreneurship that have long made America the envy of the world. And yet: Inequality 2.0 is alive and well, he writes. American capitalism remains fiercely competitive, remarkably productive, resilient in the face of a thousand doomsayersand the author of a persistent wealth gap. Also in the Journal, Theo Francis offers an unsettling assessment of the disconnect between markets and the health of the middle class. He explains how the recent strong earnings seasonbuoyed by job cuts and higher pricesmay actually be hurting consumers, on whom the U.S. economy relies to keep spending. The gains enjoyed by companies and their investors arent softening the unease consumers and employees feeland might be obscuring signals that ordinary Americans are putting their anxiety into action, Francis writes. And anxiety is likely to only increase with the deployment of generative artificial intelligence (gen AI) solutions that are already replacing entry-level work. Corporate support for the middle class However, companies have an opportunity to strengthen rather than hollow out the middle class. They can invest in workforce development to train employees for jobs of the future and, like a previous generation of capitalists, champion policies that support this cohort and help them increase their spending power. Lowensteins article reminds us that the abolition of debtors’ prisons and the creation of forgiving bankruptcy laws essentially helped codify opportunity for Americans. If companies dont move to address inequality by supporting compassionate and commonsense policies that can uplift Americans, they may find themselves dealing with more extreme correctives. Lowenstein writes that the response to the robber barons of the Gilded Age was antitrust prosecutions, reformist legislation, the Great War, and the Great Depression. He quips: Cures for inequality are sometimes worse than the affliction. Is your company addressing income disparities? Readers, do you feel companies have a role to play in addressing income disparities, and if so, what can business leaders do? Send your examples to me at stephaniemehta@mansueto.com. I’ll feature some of the most compelling in a future newsletter. Read more: Capitalism 2.0 Capitalism needs a rebrand to win over Gen Z Darren Walker on how to save capitalism from itself Is the middle class okay?
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